![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() This review seeks to summarise and integrate literature on the relationships between these systems, examining particularly the roles of physiological and psychosocial stress, the stress hormone cortisol, as controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and the effects of stress on cognitive functioning. The scientific stress literature, which spans both animal and human studies, contains heterogeneous findings about the effects of stress on the brain and the body. These systems work independently and interactively as part of the stress response. Stress is viewed as a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis, the management of which involves the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. 2Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.1Applied Cognitive Science and Experimental Neuropsychology Team (ACSENT) Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.Katharine Ann James 1,2*, Juliet Ilena Stromin 1, Nina Steenkamp 1 and Marc Irwin Combrinck 2 ![]()
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